Table of Contents
Web accessibility ensures that websites and applications are usable by people with various disabilities. Beyond being a legal requirement in many jurisdictions, accessibility is an ethical imperative and benefits all users. This guide covers essential principles for creating accessible web experiences.
1. Semantic HTML Structure
Use appropriate HTML elements that convey meaning and structure. Properly structured headings (h1-h6), lists, landmarks, and form elements help assistive technologies interpret and navigate content. Avoid div-soup and ensure elements are used according to their intended purpose.
2. Keyboard Navigation
Ensure all interactive elements are accessible via keyboard alone. Implement logical tab order, visible focus indicators, and keyboard shortcuts where appropriate. Test navigation flows without using a mouse to identify potential barriers.
3. Alternative Text for Images
Provide descriptive alt text for images that convey information. Decorative images should have empty alt attributes (alt=""). Complex images like charts should have detailed descriptions available. This ensures users with visual impairments can understand the content.
4. Color and Contrast
Never rely solely on color to convey information. Ensure sufficient contrast between text and background colors (WCAG recommends a minimum ratio of 4.5:1 for normal text). Consider how your design appears to users with color vision deficiencies.
5. ARIA Attributes When Necessary
While native HTML semantics should be preferred, ARIA (Accessible Rich Internet Applications) attributes can enhance accessibility when needed. Use them to communicate states, properties, and relationships that cannot be expressed through standard HTML.